Stereotyping Women In The Media :: Gender Papers

Throughout history when we think about women in society we think of small and thin. Todays current portrayal of women stereotypes the feminine excite as being everything that most women are not. Because of this depiction, the mentality of women today is to be thin and to look a certain way. There are many challenges with women abstracted to be a certain size. They go through physical and mental problems to try and overcome what they are not happy with. In the world, there are people who tell us what size we should be and if we are not that size we are not even worth anything. Because of the way women have been sort in the media, there has been some controversial issues raised regarding the way the world views women. These issues are important because they affect the way we see ourselvescontributing in a negative way to how positive or negative our self image is. In the media there are people who view women a certain way, and if we dont delay to the standard that we are not as good as other women who are the size the media says we have to be. In an article it said that Large women in America are to all intents and purposes invisible in todays thinness-obsessed culture. A big women is neither seen nor heard, and is defined purely in terms of her weight and other peoples prejudice. (Goodman equality 1) This is a hard thing for women that a heavier to understand because they want the person to think that they are heard. This plays into the way that they think and the way that women look at their bodies. You dirty dog see this happening with different types of televisions shows, which put on the show thinner women. Practically the only television programming that addresses her directly consists of weight-loss ads, the message lose weight. Youre not real women unless youre thin (Goodman). It is hard to think that this statement could be true, but 2

Paying Pirate Demands Essay -- Piracy

When many people think of pirates they think of the fictitious Hollywood films that depict the animated characters that make up shaped our perception of pirates today. The reality of the situation is that pirates are very real and have emerged as a major threat to the maritime industry as well as enthral owners and national economies alike. Although the threat of plagiarization has yet to receive the attention that many feel it deserves, piracy has increasingly affected the route in which the maritime industry conducts business with other countries in many ways. plagiarisation not only affects the snarled nations both economically and politically, it also contributes to ship owners overall damage structures as well as day to day operations. We will discuss the ethical issues surrounding the current concerns of paying pirate demands, as well as evaluate the impact to the affected parties if measures were put into place to solve the issue. Piracy is caused by both political and economic factors. Most of the nations involved in piracy have very poor populations. Although obviously unethical, many citizens of foreign nations such as Somalia and many areas in West Africa simply do not have any other means of providing for their families, which in turn makes piracy a very attractive option. Economically, piracy is a very cost effective strategy to earn substantial profits with minimal cost. In many cases a ship can be seized by pirates rather inexpensively and very quickly, then later released back to the owners for a substantial monetary amount received from a ransom. Politically, piracy occurs simply because of a lack of enforcement against piracy across the globe. In many cases, if a ship is known to have been taken over by pirates foreign gov... ...cil on Foreign Relations. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from Combating Maritime Piracy http//www.cfr.org/france/combating-maritime-piracy/p18376Bowden, A. (2010). The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy. La nsing, P., & Peterson, M. (2011). Ship-Owners and the Twenty-First Century Somali Pirate. The Business Ethics of Ransom Payment. Journal of Business Ethics , 507-516.Rosenberg, D. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2012, from The South China ocean http//www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=N&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbnid=SSBYIkQ2To0auM&imgrefurl=http//community.middlebury.edu/scs/maps_images_alphabetical.htm&docid=61PVkRrq1Pnx0M&imgurl=http//community.middlebury.edu/scs/maps/modern%252520piracy%2Stopford, M. (2009). Maritime Economics 3rd Edition. New York Routledge.Warren, R. C. (2011). Piracy and Shipowners Ethical Dilemmas. Society and Business Review , 49-60.

How do We Define a Citizen ? Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Citizens Must Fulfill Obligations and Duties to the CommunityIn our ever-changing world how do we define a citizen? Peter J. Gomes in his speech, Civic Virtue and the eccentric of Followship defines a citizen as ... peerless who belongs and one who has obligations (206). He adds a citizen has ... the notion of belonging, having an identity of which one is proud and by which one is defined and having an obligation to share and serve in behalf of that greater good (206). The Websters New World Dictionary defines a citizen as a member of a nation by birth or naturalization, but a citizen is more than that. A citizen not only has rights and privileges he is a proud, contributing member of society. I define a citizen as one who understands and fulfils his obligations and duties to his community. Patriotism, love of country, is an ideal that every citizen should possess. I know that many disagree. They believe covering patriotism equals arrogance, conceit and sends a message tha t we are superior to everyone else. I disagree. After the attacks of September 11, our nation experienced a surge of patriotism. We were not only if item-by-items living among each other we were Americans. We were proud to announce to the world that America is the greatest nation in the world. We were showing love and support for the ideas that America stands for freedom, individual rights, and tolerance. Even when we are not in agreement with the policies of our government, we as citizens of the United States can be proud that in our country we have the right to openly disagree with those policies. To be deemed citizen requires more from us than just feeling pride for our nation citizenship also carries with it duties and respo... ...out change will fall into place. John F. Kennedy said it crush in his inaugural address Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.Works Cited Gomes. Peter. J. Civic Virtue and the Character of Followshi p A New Take on an OldHope. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York Bedford/ St. Martins, 2000. 205-212.Kennedy. John. F. 1965 Presidential Inaugural Address. Washington, D.C. 11 Jan.1965. InforTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 22 Oct. 2002. <http//www.galegroup.com/. Ushkow. Mike. fishing rig Ups, Downs. Campaigns & Elections. December/ JanuaryV22. (2002) 10. InfoTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 18 Oct. 2002. <http//www.galegroup.com/.

The Tragically Paradoxical Role of Women in Ancient Roman Society :: Essays Papers

The Tragically Paradoxical Role of Women in Ancient Roman SocietyIn nervous preparation for the essay section of my history final, I found myself fascinated by Livys anecdotes concerning the common thread of violence against women. Livy, a Roman historian, wrote a significant human activity of volumes concerning the ride and fall of the Roman Empire. Three stories in particular, the rape of the Sabine women, the rape of Lucretia, and the death of Verginia, shed light on the ancient Roman female as a surrogate victim blamed for her gender and sexuality in relation to men. While considering the themes of Marchs Womens HerStory Month and straight Aprils Domestic Violence Awareness month, I thought it might be relevant to raise awareness of womens struggles during this time. Such a observance would spur progress towards a society that fosters nonviolence and gender equality. One should note how the women involved in these stories face a fundamental and perhaps respectable paradox i n their situation.Many articles in learned journals refer to Livys rape of the Sabine women as a myth, but I believe a kernel of truth shines through this supposed fiction to reveal how the aggressive and selfish character of the early Romans imposed themselves on the lives of unknowing, innocent Sabine women. In 715 BC, Rome was experiencing rapid expansion so Romulus, the current leader, faced a problem in his ambition to increase the population. There existed no intermarriage among close communities and consequently, the Romans felt resentful. Due to a shortage of woman, the Romans actually faced extinction at this time. So Rome staged a celebration of the Consualia, a feast in honor of Neptune, patron of the horse. Citizens came from nearby towns such as Caenina, Crustumium, Antemnae, and all the Sabines. However, when the show began, all the able-bodied Roman men rushed through the clump and seized all the young women. As a result, war broke out between the Sabines and the R omans and it was the woman who actually emerged to unite their husbands and fathers, blaming themselves for the war (while they were the true victims). Livy claims that the nature of a womens heart caused them to sympathize with their husbands, who had kidnapped them and taken them from their homes. The men, too, played their part they spoke honeyed words and vowed that it was passionate love which prompted their offense. No plea can give out touch a womans heart (Livy 44).

College Athletes Should be Compensated Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

College Athletes Should be CompensatedEddie is a poor boy growing up in a bad neighborhood. Hes not besides much different from any other boy, except for one thing. He is the most physically gifted athlete that the world has ever pull inn. His father is in jail and his mother has to work two jobs. Just because there was no way to go to college and impress the pros, the world missed out on ceremonial the greatest athlete that may have ever walked the earth.Everyday, people like Eddie are forced to drop out of school early because of financial trouble. It is in like manner true that a large percentage of student-athlete recruits are from the low middle to lower class families. If more of these recruits had financial help from the school, they could continue their college education, instead of displace out early. There is no way to tell how much excitement has been missed by not seeing these genuine athletes perform. There is a authoritative amount of dedication that goes in to co llege sports, and these NCAA slaves should be compensated for their work. Pay college athletes, its the right thing to do.One problem athletes have is paying for tuition. The tuition in schools is quite expensive. For example, it costs about $5,000 dollars per semester to go to the University of Las Vegas. If athletes were paid they could pay for tuition and many other financial problems that kids face in college. They could use the money for gas, food, laundry, and clothes. This is why a lot of students drop out, because they are sick and tired of having no money. Paying the hard working athletes would give a reward to the dedicated kids that give up their lives to play for the school. Some people say that athletes can get a job in their spare time that pays well en... ...DeVenzio, Dick. College Athletes should be paid argue Viewpoints. LauraK.Egendorf. San Diego, Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1999.Goperlud III, C. Peter. Stipends For Collegiate Athletes A Philosophical Spinon a Contro versial Proposal University of Kansas School of Law 5 Dec. 2002<http//www.law.ukans.edu/jrnl/goplerud.htmJohns, Keith. College athletes sell products but never see the profits TheSummer Post 8 Dec. 2002 <http//132.235.238.184/archives/072596/atoddkj.htmlMartinez, Mark. Show Them The Money Do whats right &emdash give college playerstheir due. Student.com-The College Site 3 Dec. 2002<http//www.student.com/article/payShea, John. What effect has macro money had on college athletics? University ofPennsylvania 8 Dec. 2002<http//www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/features/1994/061694/bigmoney.html

College Athletes Should be Compensated Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

College Athletes Should be CompensatedEddie is a poor boy growing up in a bad neighborhood. Hes not in any case much different from any other boy, except for one thing. He is the most physically gifted athlete that the world has ever check up onn. His father is in jail and his mother has to work two jobs. Just because there was no way to go to college and impress the pros, the world missed out on reflection the greatest athlete that may have ever walked the earth.Everyday, people like Eddie are forced to drop out of school early because of financial trouble. It is similarly true that a large percentage of student-athlete recruits are from the low middle to lower class families. If more of these recruits had financial help from the school, they could continue their college education, instead of move out early. There is no way to tell how much excitement has been missed by not seeing these genuine athletes perform. There is a legitimate amount of dedication that goes in to colleg e sports, and these NCAA slaves should be compensated for their work. Pay college athletes, its the right thing to do.One problem athletes have is paying for tuition. The tuition in schools is preferably expensive. For example, it costs about $5,000 dollars per semester to go to the University of Las Vegas. If athletes were paid they could pay for tuition and many other financial problems that kids face in college. They could use the money for gas, food, laundry, and clothes. This is why a lot of students drop out, because they are sick and tired of having no money. Paying the hard working athletes would give a reward to the dedicated kids that give up their lives to play for the school. Some people say that athletes can get a job in their spare time that pays well en... ...DeVenzio, Dick. College Athletes should be paid debate Viewpoints. LauraK.Egendorf. San Diego, Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1999.Goperlud III, C. Peter. Stipends For Collegiate Athletes A Philosophical Spinon a Cont roversial Proposal University of Kansas School of Law 5 Dec. 2002<http//www.law.ukans.edu/jrnl/goplerud.htmJohns, Keith. College athletes sell products but never see the profits TheSummer Post 8 Dec. 2002 <http//132.235.238.184/archives/072596/atoddkj.htmlMartinez, Mark. Show Them The Money Do whats right &emdash give college playerstheir due. Student.com-The College Site 3 Dec. 2002<http//www.student.com/article/payShea, John. What effect has striking money had on college athletics? University ofPennsylvania 8 Dec. 2002<http//www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/features/1994/061694/bigmoney.html

Business Statistics Assignment

Interpret the measures of central tendency and variation within the linguistic context of this problem. Why should the party producing the tea bags be concerned about the central tendency and variation? Because getting an exact amount of tea in a bag is debatable because of variation in the density of the tea bag, and the extremely fast filling operation of the machine. D) Are the information skewed? If so, how? Left skewed. Because the mean is less than the median. What argon the differences among the various measures of variation, such as the range, intrauterine range, variance, regular deviation, and coefficient of variation, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each? (a) regularize Range of a data set is deference amidst the largest and the smallest data value. It is the bare(a)st measure of variability. It is very sensitive to the smallest and the largest data value. (b) Intrauterine Range intrauterine range of a data set is the difference between the third qu artile and the graduation quartile.It is range for the middle 50% of data. It overcomes the sensitivity to extreme data value. (c) Variance The variance measures the variability the utilizes all the data. It also measures the average of the squared difference between each data value and the mean. (d) Standard Deviation Is a standard of a data set is the positive square root of the variance. It is measured in the same units as the data making it more easily interpreted than the variance. (e) Coefficient of variance the coefficient of variance indicates how range large the standard deviation is related to them.The advantages and disadvantages (a) Range Advantages 1) Easy to understand 2) Simple to calculate 3) It is a good measure for comparison as it span the whole distributions. Disadvantages 1) it uses only two of the observations and so provoke be distorted by extreme determine 2) Does not indicates any concentrations of the observations Cannot be use in calculating of the obse rvation. (b) Intrauterine range Advantages 1) The calculations are simple and quite to do 20 it can be illustrated graphically 3) It covers the central 50% of the observations and so is not distorted by extreme values.Disadvantages 1) Disregards all values except 1st and 3rd quartiles. Advantages 1) Considers all data 2) Not a terminal statistic Disadvantages 1) Not appropriate for nominal or ordinal data 2) delicate to extreme outliers. (d) Standard Deviation (e) Coefficient of Variance Advantages The coefficient of variation is useful because the standard deviation of data must always be understood in the context of the mean of the data. In contrast, the actual value of the C.V. is independent of the unit in which the measurement has en taken, so it is a dimensionless number.For comparison between data sets with disparate units or widely different means, one should use the coefficient of variation instead of the standard deviation. Disadvantages 1) When the mean value is close t o zero, the coefficient of variation will approach timelessness and is therefore sensitive to small changes in the mean. This is often the case if the values do not originate from a ratio scale 2) Unlike the standard deviation, it cannot be used directly to construct confidence intervals for the mean.

Online learning versus traditional classroom learning

DistanceA learningA is a set ofA technologiesA that provideA schoolchilds withA the basic deliveryA ofA survey stuff, A synergistic communicating betweenA studentsA andA teachersA in larning procedure, A providingA pupils withA the possibilityA of independent meltA on development ofA survey stuff, asA sizeable asA in theA acquisition procedure. Now the term withdrawnness acquisition has become synonymous with e-learning or on-line acquisition, significance, in fact, non merely larning via the Internet.APrerequisite for the outgrowth and sequent development of standoffishness acquisition was the enlargement of the Internet engineerings use in all domains of life and activities, including in education.A Study of Internet engineerings and package for the Internet is an subjective portion of any high school ( and sometimes school ) plan. Over clip, the Internet has become non merely an object of survey, but besides turned into an surroundings where you can bask full preparation applicants.AHarmonizing to The Differences Between Online and Traditional schoolroom Educations ( 2010 ) , modern computing automobile telecommunications are able to supply cognition out-migration and entree to a assortment of educational information on a par, and sometimes much more effectual than traditional learning tools.A Experiments have corroborate that the quality and construction of preparation classs, every bit good as the quality of learning in distance learning is frequently much split than traditional signifiers of education.A New electronic engineerings such as synergistic Cadmiums CD-ROM, electronic bulletin boards, multimedia hyper school text, accessible via the Internet, can non merely guarantee the active scrap of pupils in the acquisition procedure, but besides let you to pull off this procedure in contrastA from most traditional acquisition environments.A The integrating of sound, motion, image and text creates a new remarkably rich in its capablenesss l arning environment with the development of which will increase and the grade of pupils engagement in the acquisition procedure. Synergistic characteristics utilise in the LMS plans and bringing system of ruless allow the information to set and even excite feedback, duologue, and supply ongoing support, which is impossible in most traditional systems of instruction.Harmonizing to E-learning vs Traditional Classroom Instruction ( 2010 ) , distance acquisition allows work out several jobs built-in in traditional instruction methods.A Its chief advantage is in work snap the job of entree to instruction, which means general handiness of educational resources irrespective of geographic location.A In add-on to the advantages of geographical freedom in taking the topographic point of survey, will work out the job of handiness, distant engineering has many other virtuousnesss. Pedagogical characteristics of this engineering include chiefly independent work pupil at a convenient clip for him.A Thus, self-management preparation agenda makes it attractive for busy people who wish to obtain a 2nd grade, or better their skills.AIt should be mentioned that the same advantage is besides a trap for those who believe that by analyzing distantly, you can work on educational stuff on occasion, from clip to clip. Typically, larning is constructed in such a manner the pupil sporadically receives from the instructor s assignment for the reappraisal of the theoretical stuff, go throughing the concluding trial, establish on the theory and besides, possibly, practical tasks.A If the assignments and trials will non be delivered on clip, the following phase lessons will non be sent to student.A Besides that there are a figure of distance acquisition advantages among themFlexible agenda for pupil, it can even alter the pupil himself, uniting instruction with work and other activities, salvaging clip on the route to the school or university.Typically, pupils are given the chance to pass on with an single instructor or the writer of the curriculum.AIllustrations, diagrams, charts, presentations, online trials to increase the visibleness of information, doing larning fun.A lots the cost of Internet instruction is much lower compared to full-time.A There is besides a alone proposition.A Thus, the Internet University of Computer Science gives everyone a free instruction ( pick of classs is besides rather wide more than 180 ) .AMany establishments that provide services to distance instruction, after school has issued the relevant document.AHarmonizing to Somer Flaherty ( 2010 ) , distance instruction ( as, possibly, any other ) have its disadvantagesThe pick of fortes every bit long as sufficiency is extended most of them are related to computing machine engineering or commercialism.If you are more receptive to hearing information, distance acquisition, you may happen it deadening and hard.If you can non alter unrecorded communicating with the instructor and othe r pupils to match via electronic mail, on-line instruction is barely accommodating you.Due to the fact that distance instruction is deriving impulse, it is non ever vie with the traditional. In the distance larning pupil merely uses Internet engineering in all types of preparation activities.A A user to login, acquire entree to larning stuffs ( sometimes after the defrayal of class ) .A Modern engineerings allow topographic point non merely textual information but besides pictures, picture and audio.A All of this is provided with convenient pilotage system on subdivisions of the course.A There is typically in distance acquisition when pupil receives non merely the layout of educational stuffs, and proving, but besides communicating with the instructor and other students.AHarmonizing to Somer Flaherty ( 2010 ) , distance acquisition can be chemical group or individual.A There is non wholly right position that distance acquisition pupils are non available techniques and learning met hods of group larning that, earth, the pupils, being off from each other, can non to the full pass on and prosecute in collaborative work.A In fact, modern system to the proposed figure of communicating the same forums and confab suites have become an built-in portion of the methodology.AAnother of import point in the organisation larning procedure is a manner pupil and teacher pass oning each other.A Such interaction is organized synchronously or asynchronously.A The first method provides for communicating of pupils and instructors in existent time.A Basically, this uses the internal confab systems of distance acquisition. Sometimes, the system besides contains tools for picture conferencing.A Asynchronous acquisition is carried out when the pupil and the instructor can non pass on in existent clip, and so up to the organized, chiefly through e-mail correspondence. It should be noted that instructor s audiences ( both synchronal and asynchronous ) is a requirement of successful distance larning class, and without it larning will non be complete.In my sentiment distance larning system give equal chances to students, pupils, civil and military professionals, the unemployed in all parts of the state and abroad to recognize their human right to instruction and information.A This system can be most adequately and flexibly react to the demands of society and guarantee the murder of the constitutional right to instruction of every citizen.A I am really sympathetic to the fact that in the bosom of distance acquisition is the student.A Considering my experience I can state that most information is remembered by a pupil with self-learning, independently. I strongly believe that distant larning is the hereafter of instruction system.

BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Essay

1. The apprenticeship and your roleIn this induction section you will show that you understand the employer/employee relationship and what someone who lops in the health and social care sector is required to do. The Workbook will financial aid you to show that you follow agreed paths of travel.KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING confinement 1WorkSkills social unit 1 1.1, 1.2Task 1aComplete the spider diagram below to show that you understand what each component of the Apprenticeship is for and how it is respected. In each thump, for Number 1 say what the component is for.Read more Explain the principle of informed choice in child care essayDiploma 1.Generic, dementia and eruditeness disability. aboard another(prenominal) components.2. Checked by the assessorEmployment Rights and Responsibilities 1. stealBTEC 1. mixer care level 2 and 3 2. Checked by the assessor2. Checked by the assessoralongside other components.Apprenticeship componentsalongside other components.Key/Function al Skills 1. 2.Functional skills English, MathChecked by the assessor alongside other components.Personal, learning and thinking skills 1. Skills for cash in ones chipsing life 2. Checked by the assessor alongside other components2 first school text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship estimation Workbook aim 2 health & complaisant cathexis For Number 2 say how it is assessed. Types of assessment are given in a list below. cull the most appropriate one or two. appraisal methods portfolio online test paper-based test. One example has been done for you. WorkSkills unit 1 3.1, 3.2 ERR/WorkSkills unit 3 4.1, 4.2, 4.31Task 1bIn the confuse below write a list of diverse careers that you could aim to comport after your Apprenticeship. In the second column, write in where you could get advice about how to progress on this career pathway. In the third column put two possible routes for this career path. An example has been done for you. move NurseWhere to nd advice NHS careers advice website (www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/nursing.shtml) Union website (www.unison.org.uk/healthcare/nursing/education)Progression routes 1. aim 3 BTEC 2. UniversityCare AssistantCare Assistant advice website (www.careruk.orgs)1. Level 2 NVQDiploma.2.BTEC Level 2 DiplomaSenior Care AssistantSenior Care Assistant advice website1. Level 3 NVQDiploma2.BTEC Level 3 Diploma motorcoach Care AssistantManager Care Assistant advice website1. Level 5 NVQDiploma2.CollegeOriginal text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 20113BTEC Apprenticeship sagaciousness Workbook Level 2 health & Social Care1BTEC Unit 61.1 Diploma Unit 61.1Task 2 Task 2aFor each of the gures below, ll in the box for who you have face-to-face or working relationships with and the box on why. An example has been completed for you. Personal relationshipWho?why?FamilyLoveEnemys FriendsIgnore Friendshipworks relationshipWho?Why?Colleagues Managers ResidentsTeam working Supervisory Be tween professionalsBTEC Unit 6 1.2 Diploma Unit 6 1.2Task 2bThe table below lists different types of relationship. For each type, write what the relationship is. An example has been completed for you.Relationship type Supervisory Colleagues Between teams Between professionals With othersExample e.g. Me and my managerMe and other care assistantsMe and other lag membersMe and the residentsMe and their family4Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship sagacity Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareBTEC Unit 4 3.1, 3.2 Unit 5 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 Unit 7 5.5 Unit 9 2.2 Diploma Unit 7 5.4 ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4Task 2ci) Below are some topic studies of problems at work. Select the aspect ofemployment justness that each one relates to from this list. Aspects of employment law discrimination working hours holiday sternness absence and sick pay data protection health and safety.11 Salina was told that because of stafng shortages sh e would be expected to cut short her holiday this year. Aspect of employment law2 Although he was more experienced, Marc believes that he did not get promotion because of his sexual orientation. Aspect of employment law3 Melanie has not yet tended to(p) the moving and handling of people training but has been asked to help someone with limited mobility into their bed from a chair. Aspect of employment law4 Gina overheard staff discussing private randomness about her which she had shared with her supervisor. Aspect of employment lawOriginal text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 20115BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1ii)List the main features of current employment edict iii) Complete the following sentence Employment legislation exists because PLTS IE3iv) What kinds of information and stand up are there to help you with Employment Rights and Responsibilities? Complete the list below. An example has been done for you. HR department What kinds of information and support are there to help you with Employment Rights and Responsibilities?6Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareBTEC Unit 8 1.2, 1.3 Diploma Unit 8 1.1, 1.2, 1.3Task 3Produce a leaet about health and safety for new starters at your workplace. You can ll in the example sh hold below or do your have got, following the same structure, to give to anyone starting work.1HEALTH AND SAFETY IN OUR WORKPLACE There are many pieces of legislation that relate to health and safety. The main ones implicate Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The main points of health and safety procedures that affect you are transaction with accidents and injuries Everybody in the workplace has responsibility for health and safety. You Look after your own health and safety Your Employer Provide training where necessary Others Look after their own health and safetyOriginal te xt and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 20117BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1Task 4BTEC Unit 6 2.2, 2.3 Diploma Unit 6 2.2 WorkSkills Unit 1 1.3Task 4aIt is important to be clear about the agreed ways of working in your organisation. i) Using the table below, complete the list of the documents that set out details of your employment. For each document on the list state where it is stored and how it can be accessed. Your assessor whitethorn ask to see the documents on their visit but you do not have to photocopy them. The list has been started for you. Fill in the outer space spaces with any other documents. Exactly which documents are included on your list will depend on your organisation. It might include any of the following health and safety policy and procedures equality and diversity policy policy on condentiality and data protection policy on harassment, bullying and conict management.Documents compass out relationship with em ployer Job rendering Grievance procedure Employee handbook Contract of employment Apprenticeship AgreementWhere they are stored/how to access Company website/from HR scalawagii) Why is it important that you have access to up-to-date versions of these documents?iii) What is the purpose of the Apprenticeship Agreement?8Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 2.1Task 4bComplete the following information about your role. My working hours are1My place of work isIf I cannot attend work I shouldIf I am sick I shouldIf I am still sick after .. days I shouldIf I continue to be sick my employer willMy sick pay entitlement isMy notice period isOriginal text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 20119BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1My probationary period lasts forDuring probation, my notice period isBTEC Unit 2 1.1,1.3 Unit 6 2.2 Diplom a Unit 2 1.2. 1.3 ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 2.5Task 4cComplete the following examples to show how and when you have complied with policies and procedures in your workplace i) To maintain my organisations unplayful reputation I haveIf I do not do this the consequence isii) To follow with my organisations health and safety policy and procedure, I haveIf I do not comply the consequence isiii) To comply with my organisations equality and diversity policy and procedure, I have10Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareIf I do not comply the consequence is1iv) To comply with my organisations condentiality and data protection policy and procedure, I haveIf I do not comply the consequence isv) To comply with my organisations policy on harassment, bullying and conict management I have If I do not comply the consequence isvi) slipway in which I make sure that my soulfulnessal attitudes or beliefs do not affect how I work with people using my helpings or with my colleagues include Reecting on my own work Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 201111BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 2.4Task 4di) What personal information should you keep up to date with your employer? Phone number ii) Why does your employer shoot to have this up-to-date information?BTEC Unit 6 2.1 Diploma Unit 2 1.1 Unit 6 2.1 ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4Task 4ei) What is your role? You need to show that you understand what your job description means for you. Where there are job titles (for example reports to , responsible for ) you need to list the names of the actual people. Where it lists your duties, put forward an example of what you should do. You can either write the information on a copy of your job description or complete the table below.The job description says . . .What this means is . . .12Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Careii) How does your role help to improve the service provided for the people who use your organisation?1iii) Complete the spider diagram below to show how your role links to the wider sector. An example is completed for you.e.g. local mental health team refer people to my centreMy role . . .Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 201113BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1Representative body UNISONiv) The table below lists some of the representative bodies in the health and social care sector. Complete the table showing their roles and responsibilities. Role in the sectorSkills for Care and organic evolutionBritish Association of Social WorkersCare Quality CommissionCriminal Records Bureauv) Why is it important that you do not carry out tasks which are not part of your own job description?ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 2.3T ask 4fi) What happens when things go wrong? Give an example of something that could be handled within the grievance procedure14Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Careii) Look at the grievance policy of your organisation. Do a ow chart to show each step of the serve well that should be taken. You may add more boxes if you wish.1ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 2.2Task 4gDo you know where your money goes? Annotate one of your pay statements with an report of what each section covers.BTEC Unit 5 1.1 Diploma Unit 4 1.1 PLTS IE1Task 5 Task 5aDuty of care is an important idea when working in health and social care. Choose which of the statements below you think are true. 1 a) Duty of care is a legal obligation. b) Duty of care is not a legal obligation. 2 a) Youare required to work in the outdo interests of the person using the service. b) You are required to work in the best interests of the service prov ider. 3 a) You must carry out care only within the limits of your role. b) You must carry out any type of care the individualistic requests.Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 201115BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1BTEC Unit 5 1.2 Diploma Unit 4 1.2 PLTS IE2, IE6, EP3, EP4Task 5bComplete the spider diagram below showing how certificate of indebtedness of care affects your own roleI am accountable for my decisions and actionsHow profession of care affects meBTEC Unit 5 2.1, 2.2 Diploma Unit 4 2.1, 2.2Task 5ci) Sometimes you will come across problems where an individuals wishes go against your duty of care for them. For example, an individual may want to do something that could cause them harm. Write down an example of when this has happened in your workplace.16Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareRemember that in order to meet c ondentiality requirements you must not include any information which will identify individuals.1ii) When you have a problem like this, there are many places you can go for advice and support. List three of them below. 1. 2. 3. ERR/WorkSkills Unit 3 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4Task 6i) The health and social care sector is often in the news. List three occasions when concerns have been elevated about the sector. Check in newspapers or on the internet. ii) For one of your examples, ll in the table below showing how three different people might obtain about the event.Management of the service involvedRelative of the person involvedPerson who works at the service involved (for example care worker)iii) How do you think negative coverage of the health and social care sector changes the views of the public about the sector?Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 201117BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1a) Do they feel more or less positive ab out people who work in the sector?b) Are they happy with the service they or their relatives are receiving?iv) Have public concerns about the health and social care sector and the way services are delivered made any changes to your workplace?BTEC Unit 2 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.3 Diploma Unit 2 2.1, 3.1 PLTS CT6, RL5, CT3Task 7i) It is important to gestate your personal development. Throughout your Apprenticeship, your assessor and manager will encourage you to think about or reect on what you do at work. How can reection help you to develop your knowledge and skills?18Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareIt is important to consider your personal development1ii) Describe a learning activity that improved your own knowledge, skills and understanding.iii) What did you learn?Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 201119BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Soc ial Care1iv) Where can you go for support in your learning and development?v) This is a template for a Personal Development Plan. Below it are statements about what you should put in different sections. Match each statement to the correct section of the plan. Personal Development Plan 1. Review of strengths and weaknesses relevant to current and future roles 2. Learning topic to be targeted in the plan and how the learning will be used find 3. Knowledge to be learnt 4. Skills to be learnt and developed 5. Learning activities and dates 6. Assessment and dates20Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social CareInsert the number of the correct section of the plan next to each description. This space should include a brief description of the area the person will be trying to develop and what difference the learning could make to their role. This space should include detailed information about which skills the person will develop. Objectives should be SMART (specic, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound). This space should include a description of what the person does well and where they do less well in the job. It should be based on tell apart. It should identify changes in the job and possible changes in career and the relevant strengths and weaknesses of the individual. This space should include target dates for achievement and space for the comments of the person and their manager to assess the success of different objectives. This space should include detailed information about what knowledge the person will gain. Objectives should be SMART (specic, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound). This space should include a description of any learning activities the person will do, what knowledge and skills they will gain and when the activitieswill take place. You will need to complete your own personal development plan. If your workplace does not have its own te mplate, you may want to use the one above. You should complete the plan together with your manager.1Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 201121BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 2 Health & Social Care1BTEC Unit 2 3.2, 3.4 Diploma Unit 2 2.2, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.4 WorkSkills Unit 1 2.1, 2.3 Unit 9 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 PLTS EP4EVIDENCE GATHERINGIn this activity you will identify an area of your work that will capture evidence of how you operate as a team leader. Your assessor will help you to identify suitable items of evidence. You need to gather evidence of activity within areas of your work to demonstrate that you can complete a personal development plan and assess your own knowledge and skills. Suggested evidence may include completed personal development plan diary or reective account of your own learning witness testimony from manager about your participation in the process of building a personal development plan. Your assessor may wish to ask you some follow-up questions on the personal development plan process. These may include the following How should you agree a personal development plan? What are the benets of a personal development plan? Why should you meet deadlines and be organised? How has a learning activity improved your knowledge, skills and understanding? What happens if you do not complete learning on time?22Original text and illustrations Pearson Education Limited, 2011

How does Malvolio connect to disguise and deceit in Act 2 Scene 5?

In Act II Scene VI, we are exposed to regulate to iting Malvolio in a different light. Firstly, we see he deceives himself, ultimately playing the economic consumption of the person he thinks he is capable of becoming. Then we see that female horse and her cohort are deceiving Malvolio, by playing a prank on him just so they can make a fool out of him for always macrocosm so bitter and serious and lastly we see how they encourage this foolish act and what consequences it brings.To begin with, we can identify that the name Malvolio consists of two elements Mal and Volio which are Italian words, with the pith ill leave suggesting his disregard of others pleasures. I cerebrate that Shakespeare particularly gave this acknowledgment this name, as it allows us to have a greater insight of the kind of character Malvolio is from the beginning of the play.At the beginning of Act II Scene VI we are see an intimate conversation between Sir Toby and Fabian, coming unneurotic to watch Malvolio and Marias prank. Sir Toby asks Wouldst thou not be glad to have the niggardly, rascally sheep-bitter come by some notable daunt? Essentially pointing out that they are pulling a prank on Malvolio and asking him if he is glad he is going to see this rascal frankfurter humiliated. From the really start we see a connection between john and Malvolio, and how Sir Toby and Fabian are associated with the scheming prank as well. We also see more of Malvolios bitterness mentioned when Fabian tells Sir Toby, I would exult man.You know he brought me out ofavour with my lady about a bear-baiting here(predicate), suggesting that he is very excited as Malvolio also told the lady of the house that he was arranging a bear-baiting once. This conversation suggests that the two other servers of the house are fed up with Malvolios attitude and plan to punish him in a way that will completely embarrass him. Malvolios attitude is essentially the only reason why he is connected to disguis e and deception. Also, his self-loving personality convinces him he is capable of rising higher in the society, which is what leads to him playing the role of Olivias husband. Then later we see that his bitterness leads him into a humiliating prank pulled by Maria and the other workers of the house.As Maria enters the scene, we discover that shes been scheming this prank and encourages the others to go watch, as she is fully confident it will work. She informs Sir Toby and Fabian to go hide behind the box tree and, esteem him, for the love of mockery for I know this letter will make a contemplative idiot of him. This emphasizes how Malvolio is the central character in this scene creation deceived by all the other characters. Maria also refers to Malvolio as trout on its way to gobble up bait, For here comes the trout that must be caught with tickling. This animalistic language creates a distinctive image of Malvolio. It could suggest that the bait is Olivia, and that Malvolio is so easily directed when lead by Olivia. It could also suggest that tickling so easily catches Malvolio into complete humiliation.Act II Scene VI provides a greater in-sight on how self-loving Malvolio really is. In the beginning of this scene we see that Malvolio is playing a role in the same way Olivia and Orsino were earlier in the play. Therefore we can see that not only is Malvolio being deceived by others, but is also deceiving himself. Malvolio instantly exposes us to this role, saying Maria once told me she did affect me, and I have heard herself come thus near, that should she fancy it should be one of my complexion. This portrays Malvolios outspoken confidence, as he is convinced Maria would like a man like himself, although we are aware that Malvolios fantasy is a pose without possibility. Sir Toby who is listening over Malvolios conversation calling him an overweening rogue quickly supports this.Malvolio then shifts to the possibility of being Count Malvolio for which Sir Toby and Fabian believe is an unrealistic desire for a servant so bitter and low in the society, responding within themselves Ah, rogue. Although, Malvolio speaks of his truehearted belief in the possibility, referring to Lady Strachy who married her wardrobe manager. This idea of Malvolio deceiving himself acts as entertainment for Sir Toby and Fabian who are simultaneously deceiving Malvolio. Both Sir Toby and Fabian show their great satisfaction saying O, peace Now hes deeply in. Look how imagination blows him which once again reinforces how unrealistic Malvolio is and how he is playing a role.Shakespeare shows that while Malvolio continues to imagine a marriage with Olivia, Sir Toby and Fabian continuously interrupt this image with their opposing comments such as bring up and brimstone and O, peace, peace implying that they arent taking this seriously because Malvolio is on his high horse.Furthermore, we see that Malvolio is also deceived by the letter that is supposedly writ ten by Olivia, merely is a prank planned by Maria. The clash between Malvolio and the remaining characters is the central motivation for the prank. From the previous scene, we see that Malvolio breaks up their party, although it does not seem to be Malvolios fault considering they were being rather disrespectful. This is what provokes Maria and her cohort into scheming revenge against Malvolio. As Twelfth night is a play that celebrates chaos, Malvolio doesnt resile this idea but presents himself as the puritanical, self-loving, pleasure-hating character which strongly contrasts against the alcohol-loving, pleasure-loving characters of Maria and her cohort.Following this role of being Olivias husband, Malvolio finds the letter written by Maria, which matches merely what hes been doing. Personally I believe the irony of finding the letter after being lost in the illusion of being Count Malvolio is what makes Malvolio believe the letter is for him. This is the last aspect of decept ion that connects to Malvolio in Act II Scene VI. While Malvolio is sure that This is my ladys hand mentioning these be her very cs, her us and her ts,.. Sir Andrew mocks Malvolio for what he is actually saying, almost in disbelief that he can be so easily deceived. He somehow finds a link between M.O.A.I. by saying that M is for Malvolio, concluding that the letter was meant for him. However as Malvolio reads on we see the letter is handing him exactly what he was imagining before, as Malvolio believes its from Olivia saying, By my birth I rank above you, but dont be afraid of my greatness. Some are natural great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them which again encourages Malvolio into believing the possibility of being Count Malvolio.The letter specifically asks Malvolio to do everything he wouldnt usually do, therefore it can be viewed as a disguise. Malvolio therefore disguises himself under the desired appearance and personality Olivia tells him of in the letter, which easily convinces Malvolio that this will lead him to his desires.Focusing specifically on the letter, it tells Malvolio to be rude, to talk about politics and act free and independent, to also wear yellow stockings and crisscrossing laces up his legs, and to come back that a happy life is waiting for him, and if he doesnt want it he should act like his old bitter self. Although this letter is deceiving Malvolio, its also Malvolios connection to disguise, as he begins to follow what the letter orders to please Olivia and because this isnt the norm for Malvolio it can be interpreted as a form of disguise.Marias prank works because it plays off of Malvolios weaknesses, which is his self regard, his wish for a higher social rank and his delusions that Olivia might actually feel something for him. totally of this is meant to teach Malvolio a lesson, and perhaps punish him for his bitterness and self-pride. It should outline his foolishness for even falling into th e prank and potentially highlight to Malvolio some of his faults. Disguise and deception are closely linked in this scene, as one follows the other.

Macbeth Quotes

Violence Quotes Lady Macbeth Come, you spirits That tend on mortal gibibyteghts, unsex me here, And fill me from the opinion poll to the toenail top-full Of direst cruelty make thick my blood Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of disposition Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace amongst The effect and it Come to my womans breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, (1. 5. 46-54) Macduff I shall do so, But I must alike feel it as a man. I preservenot exclusively remember such things were That were most precious to me. 4. 3. 261-264) Macbeth From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my happen. And even now, To crown my honey oilghts with acts, be it molar concentrationght and done The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. (4. 1. 168-176) inhalation Quotes Macbeth My thou ght, whose murder yet is unless fantastical, Shakes so my unmarried state of man that function Is smotherd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. (1. 3. 60-163) Lady Macbeth Glamis thou art, and Cawdor and shalt be What thou art promised yet do I alarm thy nature It is too full o the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way thou wouldst be great Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it (1. 5. 15-20) Banquo My magisterial partner You greet with present grace and great prediction Of noble having and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal. To me you speak not. If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not,Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fright Your favors nor your hate. (1. 3. 61-68) Guilt Quotes Lady Macbeth Naughts had, alls spent, Where our desire is got without content. Tis safer to be that which we degrade Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. (3. 2. 6-9) Macbeth Will all great Nept unes ocean muffle this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. (2. 2. 81-84) Wake Duncan with thy knocking I would thou couldst (2. 2. 96)Macbeth QuotesViolence Quotes Lady Macbeth Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty make thick my blood Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between The effect and it Come to my womans breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, (1. 5. 46-54) Macduff I shall do so, But I must also feel it as a man. I cannot but remember such things were That were most precious to me. 4. 3. 261-264) Macbeth From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. And even now, To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. (4. 1. 168-176) Ambition Quotes Macbeth My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smotherd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. (1. 3. 60-163) Lady Macbeth Glamis thou art, and Cawdor and shalt be What thou art promised yet do I fear thy nature It is too full o the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way thou wouldst be great Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it (1. 5. 15-20) Banquo My noble partner You greet with present grace and great prediction Of noble having and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal. To me you speak not. If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not,Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear Your favors nor your hate. (1. 3. 61-68) Guilt Quotes Lady Macbeth Naughts had, alls spent, Where our desire is got without content. Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. (3. 2. 6-9) Macbeth Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. (2. 2. 81-84) Wake Duncan with thy knocking I would thou couldst (2. 2. 96)

Natural Products

graphic products isolated from various sources especially derived from plants, defy long been used in treatment of human ailments. For long time, the approach to innovative do drugss through intrinsic products was proved to be the single most successful approach for the discovery of new drugs.Despite the initial success, chemical diversity and special(prenominal) action on target, drug discovery from natural products, has been deemphasized by many pharmaceutical companies in favour of approaches based on combinatorial chemistry and genomics. Natural products have a oversized unexplored range of compounds, which is almost incredible to imitate, they will always remain a prospective source of future drug discovery (Gurnani et al., 2014).Nature have been explored by people in search of new drugs particularly plants. Medicinal plants have curative properties to treat various diseases ascribable to this reason use the large number. Almost 95 % of the prescriptions were plant based in the traditional system of Unani,Homeopathy,Ayurveda and Siddha in Indian traditions. The study of plants continues principally for the discovery of unique secondary metabolites.Bark, leaves, flowers and seeds ar any part of the plant may contain active compounds, plant products have been holding phytomedicines these can be derived from plant. In recent years, there has been a gradual revival of interest in the use of medicinal plants in developing countries be origin herbal medicines have been reported untroubled and without any adverse side effect especially when compared with synthetic drugs. Thus a search for new drugs with better and cheaper substitutes from plant origin is a natural choice.The medicinal values of these plants lie in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on human body (Savithrama et al., 2011). An aerophilous stress is the result of free radicals, which form stable electron pairing with biological macromolecules such as prot eins, lipids and DNA in healthy human cells and cause protein and DNA damage along with lipid peroxidation.It is answerable for many of todays diseases that results from an imbalance between formation and neutralization of prooxidants. In defense against this oxidative stress, body have their own system including various enzymes, proteins, and vitamins, which are known as antioxidants (Aruna kumari and Sharma 2017).The method of scavenging of DPPH radicals was developed by Blois (1958). The method is rapid, inexpensive, simple, and the results are reproducible. This method has been widely used by various researchers to evaluate free radical scavenging activity of plants (Raghavendra et al., 2017).Bioinformatics is a key factor in rapid growing advanced in genomics, proteomics, medicine, drug origination and development. Bioinformatics has become a very significant part of different areas of biology is tool and technique to aid in the processing extraction and determination of large amount of raw data, textual mining of biological literature, analysis of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Protein structure, Gene expression, Genetic genomic data and help analyze biological pathways that are imperative part of the system biology (Nahla et al., 2016).

Government Regulation of Climate Change Essay

For all nations, adapting to mode change has become a key issue. Governments are mandated to formulate policies aimed at off the hook(predicate) guarding lives and livelihoods for their people and at the same time attain their development goals. As cities continue to grow, more people moving to urban centers, and nations working to become industrialized, climate change is here to stay, all that can be done is formulation of policies that will help reduce and adapt to the change. These principles should put into consideration sustainability.In its nearsighted term policy, the government has formed a wide array of public private partnerships aimed at reducing gullibleho social function firings. Focus is put on use of renewable energy, efficient use of energy, methane and otherwise non carbon gases agricultural practices, and projects to achieve reduction in greenhouse gas emission. ( U. S. Climate Policy and Actions) . In its pastime to reduce green gas emissions, the governme nt has established a multi agency climate change technology programs to develop and implement the technologies.Climate change organism a global challenge, no nation can satisfactorily claim to have fought it within its jurisdiction. It is on this ground that the government has formed international cooperation with other nations in areas of science, mitigation and environmental monitoring. To some extent, large (mostly industrializes nations) green gas emitters are made to compensate the small (developing world) green gas emitters. The government has draw thres keep back for green gas emissions. These defines the acceptable limits of green gas emissions by fasts . The regulations here targets large and stationary greenhouse gas emitters.EPA estimates these large emitters to contribute round 70% of green house gases in the country (EPA regulatory initiative, p3). Programs targeting reduced green gas emission and increased fuel economy for cars and trucks used in United States have been established. Under the regulation general suppliers of fossil fuel and industrial green house gases, manufacturers of vehicles and engines and any other green gas emitting facility that emits above 250000metric tonnes of green house gases annually to submit annual reports to the regulation body EPA. These regulations aim at collecting timely information for better planning. incompatible views have been given on climate change . Arguments that there is no scientific proof showing that increase in global temperature is brought about by heat trapping gases in the atmosphere have been raised. It also has been claimed that despite the claims that these gases are as a result of mans activities, for instance ruin of fossil oil or deforestation, still no scientific proof on this has been given. In his view Brzorad, scientists in addition to doing their work, have other motives, their look into are at times biased based on the desired outcome .The bias could be politically motivated, need for firms to make more profit, or personal urge for recognition (p2). In my view, climate change is a reality. As a result of industrialization, increased life expectancy and a more often than not growing population, human activity is putting pressure on the limited natural resources. These acts of man has led to more green house gases being generated from mightiness plants, automobiles and other firms accumulating in the atmosphere, trapping heat from the sun and increasing global temperatures. Policy makers have several options to choose from as they consider how to reduce green gas emissions.Of the many options, the most practical ones are command and control regulation where regulatory authorities directs on how emission limits will be achieved, and the motivator based regulation where forces of supply and demand are used to change behavior and achieve environmental goals. Command and control regulation are enforce by fines if pollution is above the set limits or thres hold. In this system, pollution is monitored and laws enforced. This is done either under a tax regime or a regulatory regime. The system applies uniform emission limits on defilers despite each firm having a different cost on emission reduction.The regime is considered starchy as it also controls the emitter choices on how to reduce emissions. In the bonus based regulation, pollution reduction is achieved through tradable emission limits where and if allowed pollution can be achieved at lower costs. It is a market based approach to pollution reduction achieved by providing economic incentives. In this system, a regulatory body or the government sets a limit on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted. The limits are sold to firms in forms emission permits. Each firm is required to hold permits equivalent to its emission.Each firm is only entitled to a certain specific number of permits. A firm emits higher levels of pollutant than the maximum allowed permits then the firm bu ys the extra permits from other firms. In the set up, the buyer pays for extra pollutant while the seller is rewarded for causing less harm to the environment. The approach leaves the burden of reducing emission to the emitter. It offers reduced social cost due to its flexibility. It also creates a single price for emission. If in Federal Congress or administration, I would recommend an incentive based approach for greenhouse gases.These gases have the same effect on the environment regardless of where pollution is occurring and are also perfectly mixing. The approach gives the polluter the freedom to look for most economical ways to reduce emission and continually reduce emissions to be below the set standard to avoid purchasing more permits or enjoy selling the permits if emission is blow the set standards. For other types of pollutants, including solid waste I would recommend command and control regulation the polluter would be made to pay for the actual damage made to the envir onment.List of references Brzorad John, (Feb. 9, 2009) opposing views on climate change. Retrieved from http//www2. hickoryrecord. com/content/2009/feb/05/just-science-opposing-views-climate-change/news-opinion National Center for environmental Economics (May 31, 2010). Retrieved from http//yosemite. epa. gov/ee/epa/eed. nsf/3cdbd09d7c867d9785256c9200548b12/988c90eb8ee77035852574ce000e9724 OpenDocument U. S. Climate Policy and Actions (February 22, 2010). Retrieved from http//www. epa. gov/climatechange/policy/index. html

Preliminary Study of an Automotive Assembly Plant

Politecnico Di Torino 1 Facolta di Ingegneria Automotive Engineering FINAL ASSEMBLY Preliminary discip notation of an automotive gathering plant for eminent volume business(1300cars/day with 2 type of cars, 4 doors and 2 doors respectivly, and flexible in volume, 3 shifts of rangeers) Ma Wei supervisor Prof. COZZARI GIULIANO Index 1. normal infomation from the internship 2. 1 high production volume of the assemblage plant 2. 2 pace calculation 2. 3 ara calculation and routine layout 2. 4 flexibility and automization of the schema 2. make or buy decision 2. Review of tutorials and further applications of the tutorial 3. 6 General cheatledges aquired from the manufacture lecture 3. 7 Extension of the tutorial 3. 8. 1 product partition structure(PBS) bill of material(BOM) 3. 8. 2 prune partition structure(WBS) 3. Time analysis and relative calculations 3. 1 persistings judgment of conviction analysis(WCT, takt date) 3. 2 arranging length and discipline calculat ion 3. 3 facility layout 4. Tool and equipment selection 1. General infomation from the internship 1. high production volume of the meeting place plant As is define in the internship reoprt, the production volume of the plant that we study is 1300cars/day, with 3 shifts of workers making the planned running(a) time up to 21 instant a day. We developed a rough plan for the perfect assembly production influence, and then change integrity our thesis into four part fit to the function of each part. Fol scummying the grade of each part, they be respectively Stamping sue, form in white process, painting process and fianl assembly process.Normally each department is uncaring with one a nonher, located in different locations within an assembly plant, and each department has its own building structure, thus we call them stamping scab, body in white stigmatise, painting shop and last assembly shop. except all of these building structures atomic number 18 placed alloting the convenience of the entire manufacturing process, to facilitate the black market of materials and move, to simplify stocks management. For example, stamping shop normally locates near the gate with a stock argona to facilitate the incoming of sheet coat.Body in white shop and painting shop lies in between last(a) assembly shop and stamping shop, in labored out to shorten transfer process. terminally, closing assembly shop often locates beside the supplier park, where massive subgroup part of a car be stocked. 1. 2 pace calculation Since our focus is on the word high volume, we must estimate the overall pace of the plant. The indispensable standard time house be opined considering 1. 1300 cars/day. 2. 3 shifts of workers with 7 availiable on the job(p) moments per shift. 3.Overall equipment readiness=90% 4. Standard time STn is the time essential to assemble a car, starting from pressing shop up to last-place test at lowest assembly shop. AWT(available working t ime)=3*7*60=1260 min STn=AWT/1300=0. 97min=58sec. It means that each 58 gages there allow for be a car coming out from the plant. 1. 3 battlefield calculation The area calculation is ensconced in the internship report, through the benchmarking result of m any(prenominal) plants and we chose the average area of the plants that is most miserly to our requirements.And here is the decision Stamping BIW Painting Final Assembly 40800? 60900? 48000? 71400? Usually the process layout is like this(I will solitary(prenominal) focus on the final exam assembly process) But for the final assembly, I find it more move on for logistic and warehouse management is I choose the final assembly line like this In my later discussion, we can see more advantages of this kind of solution harmonise to the three main sub-processes of final assembly. 1. 3 flexibilityautomization of the carcassEquipments are most devoted resource since nowadays factories are normally capital of the United Stat es intensive. So we charter to determine the automization take aim at the scrap one approach of an assembly plant. The four processes, stamping, body in white, painting and final assembly, swallow their own process capability and different automization level. Here is the automization level selection criteria and methods to be flexible of the system. And we will make our choice hence. Stamping STAMPING COST AND THE CHOICE 1. ransfer muiti- spot mechanical presses with a truly high cadence(over than 15 calendar methods/min) fitting with very high production rate(over than 600 series/day) Very high, not fitable for our plant because according our make or buy decision, we lone(prenominal) make unavoidable body parts in pronounce to save capital and better focus on core business. 2. traditional mechanical or new generations hydraulic presses with a medium cadence(between 10 and 15 cycles/min), interconnected by automatic systems, fitting for medium production rate(60-600 seri es/day) This fits our production system adequately.Since our assumed working cycle time is 6sec(=10 cycles/min) and it meets the requirement of 1300cars/day. On the other side, this is capital intensive but not as expensive as the first one. 3. traditional hydraulic or water forming presses, with manual loading/unloading, with low cadence, fitting for low production rate(less than 60 series/day) This criterion is not fit for mass production. like a shot labor intensive production is used for the elite market. Major factors influcing be press and dies depreciation, livelihood cost and material handling.And thus it is very important to maintain a good level of overall equipment efficiency and a good utilization level. Furthermore, in pasture to keep the production cost low, sheet metal usage degree must be optimized, through detailed study of cutting schemes and stamping methods and technology(sheet metal stamping dimensioning). flexibleness the process flexibility is sinked t o the required level(2 different types of cars with 9 different parts to stamp) through ever-changing of dies according to detailed production plan. We should avoid to change dies too frequently, for the sake of saving more productive up time.The production plan should follow the material requirement plan of later processes, and the logistic department should luck adequate arrangements for the terminate parts. Body in white For high or medium volumes body in white welding and assembling, hard automation(robot intensive) and flexible production systems are used. Assembling tools are specific for the parts of each type of car. System flexibility/convertibility is achieved through specific tools rapid change, so that it is possible to redact easily the mix model level on the uniform equipment or line.Major factors influencing cost specific equipment and tools depreciations, maintenance and materials handling cost. Overall equipment efficiency and utilization level. Painting Pai nting process is a continuous flow process and each process are sequenced. We can divide it into both categories 1) pre-painting treatments. 2) painting. 1). In reference of automazation and flexibility, the pre-painting process is not strictly relevant because, for example, processes such as washing, degreasing or phosphating are not robot intensive, they actually are continous flow process with only a few surgerys.And each type of BIW(in our plants, refer them as type A and type B) can be processed in the same way with the same time, temperature and many other conditions. 2). The painting process is robot intensive because it is applied by automatic robots with static spray, along with automatic controlled air, temperature and humidity inside the painting booth. This process is relatively coordination compound and harmful to compassionate body. So in case of mass production, no labor disembowel is enrolled in this process. flexibility Since equipments and tools are not spec ifically developed for each type of car, flexibility can be easily obtained by changing the process automatization software. And customized order-to-make product is mainly reflected in this process. Controlling program should be adjustable in order to change the color of the car easily. Major factors influcing cost specific direct material(dye) and energy consumption, man precedent infallible to manage the process and equipment maintenance costs. Final Assembly In price of final assembly, manpower tended to(p) by flexible conveyor belt system is needed.This process is mainly labor intensive because many complex mental processs, such as cockpit module, steering leverages, seats and mobile parts are performed by technicians, but not machines. Certain level of automatization is required for simple operations such as connective, mechanical groups screwing and ameliorate glasses application. Moreover, ergonomic is important for labor intensive operations, so that assembling station s and conveyor systems puddle to be comfortable for the hustlers. For example the tow conveyors is an ergonomic solution for screw drivers.It can raising up the great(p) body from BIW, to make the operator reach the lower part of the body. Recently new type of tow conveyors became more convenience since they allow technicians to stand on them and move along the operation line. Flexibility product models mix along the final assembly line, thus flexibility can be obtained by high level of logistics and organizational complexity, which must use modern product and process information technologies, called digital factory. Moreover, just in time principle must be applied in provide subassembly modules to the final assembly line.Major factors influcing cost direct manpower, material handling, specific logistic information technology systems. 1. 4 make or buy decision In evaluation of make or buy decision, several(prenominal) factors should be considered ITEMS FOR MAKE DECISION ITEMS F OR BUY DECISION 1. Availability of development capacities inside the company, at to the lowest degree equivalent to the one offered by External suppliers. 1. Not availability of specific know how to develop in a competitive way the specific component or service. 2. Better protection of companys know how in singing to products/processes considering core business 2.Availability of reliable suppliers for the components or services required, in relation to the companys tar branchs. 3. Needs of internal processes integration by logistic flows and final product quality level improving. 3. Availability of alternative supplying sources in the geographical areas of strategic lodge in for the company. 4. Not well-grounded alternatives to component or services purchasing. 4. Opportunity to simplify internal production processes and focus production resouces (man power and capital) on core business 5. Necessity to utilize existing productive capacities inside the company. 5. Opportu nity to depress company owned investment by using or incrementing suppliers productive capacities avaliable, presume them the risk of volumes depending on the trend of market. ITEMS FOR CO-MAKERSHIP DECISION 1. New necissities of production capacities developing but not affluent economy scale to proceed in an autonomous way. 2. Partners have common or complementary interest in developing in a synergic and competitive way the new solutions required to guarantee the industrial mission. 3. Partners have at disposal complementary or synergic technological capacities so that roduct/process innovation could be cannonball along up without incrementing too more economical investments. In genaral, an assembly plant doesnt compensate the sub group components of the car, for the sake of lean production, technology concentration and cost minimization. So no motion whether they are outsourced or manufacture by the same industrial group of other plants, we can consider them buy parts. It is easy to explore these elements from the fomite systems flow of view All to a higher place mentioned elements and systems are out-sourced and they are assembled into higher level subassemblies aside the principle assembly line.These elements and systems are ground on evolutive proficient solutions, which know how belongs generally to specialized companies components producers A strong cooperation between those companies and car makers is prerequisite in case of technical projects development and experimentation and homologation on vehicle phases. 2. Review of tutorials and further applications of the tutorial 2. 1 General knowledges aquired from the assembly lecture During the assembly technology course, we gained the concept of automotive final assembly and aquired some basic knowleged close to this process.First of all, the difinition of automotive final assembly can be concluded from the lecture the final manufacturing process joining all of the finished subgroup compo nents and modules to finish the car and make it functionlized, through different stages of assembly process with the refine consequence. The final assembly process should consider from both management point of view and technological point of view management concerns main subassembly groups and modules Here we consider the assembly of only these components in order to simplify the process.Also, some subgroups assembly are introduced in the lecture, which are normally performed inside the final assembly shop but not on the principle line. These sub-assembly parts should be considered since they are not out-sourced but manufactured inside the plantstamping shop. So we wont regain the finished, assembled parts until we assemble them by ourselves, inside the final assembly shop. Along with subgroups assembly, ergonomics concern is introduced, which is a non negligibly problem in setting up the plant. Ergonomic a). A study of the relation between people and their work environment. b).Is used to prevent injuries and illnesses associated with the picture of physical work. c). Is used to increase employee safety and comfort and to optimize work performance and quality. Due to the complexity of the system and inconvenience caused by the huge weight of the body in white and finished parts, ergonomic problem is closely cerebrate with the working stations and carrier systems that we use. Thus each process of the system uses specific equipment to orientate the car body in the right-hand(a) direction to technicians, and specific tools to hold finished parts to let technicians move them easily. ow conveyors let the knowledgeability of suspension more easily Moreover, the right sequence of final assembly is introduced. I will strictly follow this sequence to develop my assembly shop, because any mistake in sequence makes it impossible to build up later steps and lead the entire process to failure. Then I will build up working time analysis. 2. 2Extension of the tutorial 2. 2. 1 product breakdown structure(PBS) bill of material(BOM) Product breakdown structure is hierarchical and can be stand for by the following scheme(tree diagram) F A B1 B2 C21 C13 C12 C11 E D F A B1 B2 C21 C13C12 C11 E D In which A=final module (a car) B=1st level subassembly (powertrain, suspension system) C=2nd and 3rd level subassembly (complete locomotive engine, transmission) D= realized elements (cylinders, engine shafts) E=partially completed elements (pistons, valves) F=raw materials Using PBS, it is possible to a). Manage the physical bodys and standard suffer-over solutions with other product lines. b). accentuate links between elements, subassemblies and final product. c). Precise make or buy decision for each element. d). start manufacturing engineering plan for make parts. ). Activate purchasing orders for buy parts. f). Confirm cost for module components, considering the targets defined in the setting phase, according to the purchasing management system. No w let me define the PBS of the final assembly. I wont list the lower levels of subassembly parts because the final assembly area is responsible for(p) for assembling more than 3000 in/on the painted vehicle lambast, and if I focus too some(prenominal) on the minor parts, it would draw the attention away from the study of the system. Also, I extend the content of PBS, to get a bill of material table, more detailed. . 2. 2 work breakdown structure The work breakdown structure is a tree structure, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective. In order to reach the WBS, I need to analysis each working processes first. The following figure is what I have obtained from the internship report. All of the data in this figure is roughly estimated, but the sequence and layout of final assembly is expressed. Final assembly process can be functionally divided into trim line assembly, signifier line assembly, final assembly and final interrogatory. ). Trim line assemb ly This station is focused on entrapment the following main components the electric wiring and harnesses, the showcase insulation and radiator insulation, the air duct system, the headliner, the condenser sub-assembly, the wheel sub-assembly, and the fire wall insulation. Other parts are as well installed in this station such as the wiper links and the washer tank and its hoses and connections. To install the above described parts, a different conveyor system is adopted from the ones used in the paint area.So the cuticle is transferred from the paint-line conveyor system into typically a parallel rail chain or self- moving conveyor (floor-mounted), the elevation and speed of the body-shell are familiarised so it suits the production workers and allow them spatial access and enough time to complete the job. Some manufacturers have adopted a moving belt system for the line workers so that they can keep up with higher production rates. The first step in the trim assembly area is to remove the shell doors to facilitate the installation process, so large fixtures can be used inside the shell to avail the workers.The removed doors are hung on an overhead conveyor system that keeps running the doors through the plant without any value being added to them. A typical layout for the trim assembly area can be shown as following b). Chassis assembly The chassis assembly area is also called the marriage area, where the power-train of the vehicle is united with the vehicle body-shell. To achieve this, the vehicle shells are transferred to an overhead conveyor system to permit the chassis installation from the bottom. The assembled ower-train components are supplied from a sub-assembly area typically called the engine-line assembly area. The engine-line area features all the steps needed to install the different hoses, controllers and cables to the main engine body, in addition to coupling the engine to the transmission and the torque converters. The engine sub-asse mbly utilizes different types of conveyance depending on the accessibility needed, the stations configuration (left- and right-side workers), and the weight of the assembled power-train typically a combination of an overhead system and an AGV(automatic guided vehicle) is used.The final assembled power-train is then mounted onto an AGV or a tramway provide with a hydraulic height, and then shipped to the marriage area. overhead conveyor and trolley with lifter In the marriage area, the vehicle shell will be synchronized with the AGV so both meet at a specific location that features the power torque machine that will use bolts and fasteners to join the power-train and shell together. Additionally, the elevation of the suspended shell is programmed according to specific settings to facilitate the mounting process. The powertrain is lifted via the hydraulic lift to meet the stationary shell.This process sequence is shown in the above figure. Several features within the vehicle shell are typically used to guide the power-train assembly to control its location and orientation within the vehicle some laser projection-based sensors might also be used to ensure accurate placement. In addition, power-tools with organic torque sensors are used to ensure fault-proof operation. Applying the right torque is essential in delivering mechanically sound joints that will not fail or fatigue due to under-torque or over-torque conditions. A typical layout for the chassis line assembly area can be shown as following ). Final assembly and testing area The final assembly area features the vehicle shell on tires for the first time. It is connected to the introductory chassis assembly process, and each chassis assembly line can feed two final assembly lines. Thus for the sake of maximum utilization of the entire system, we set two final assembly lines. Each final assembly line is divided into three sequential parts 1st. In the first part, preassembled bodies are put on a s cryst allize and go conveyor system, to facilitate the transferring from one station to the next.And the bodies are arranged across the axle of the line, to facilitate front-end module assembling and to keep operations such as electric battery connections, air filter connections ergonomically. In this part fixed glasses are also assembled by automatic systems. 2nd. In the second part, car bodies are put on continuous double supply conveyor. Here, parts such as seats, garnishes, door modules, lighting systems and the rest parts of the vehicle are assembled. 3rd. In the third part, underbody operations such as adjusting the vehicle suspension and adjusting steering wheels are performed.After the assembly is complete, the completed vehicle starts the testing phase, where the following tests are conducted alliance tests for wheels and spell radius, headlight test, slide test, engine drum test, and the brake test. The alignment test focuses on adjusting the wheels through the manual adjust ment of the top of the front and rear wheels and the camber of the front and rear wheels. Further alignments ensure that the steering wheel is positioned accurately. The alignment test is typically done in a chassis dynamometer chamber, shown in the figure. a chasis dynamometerAdditionally the turn radius can be tested and adjusted by measuring the right and left turning angles of the front wheels. The headlight test evaluates the photometric bloc of the headlamps by projecting them on a block out and then measuring any deviations. The drum test is conducted by driving the vehicle into the chassis dynamometer to check the vehicle driving conditions. Also, the brake test evaluates the brakes performance by arresting and measuring the braking force of each wheel (drag, service brake, parking brake). Finally, I can obtain the WPS from the integration of each above process. 3.Time analysis and relative calculations 3. 1 working time analysis(takt time, number of workers) In order to analysis the working time, I shall introduce the concept of takt time first. The takt time is the time that must pass between two succeeding unit completions in order to meet the lease, if the products are produced one unit at a time, at a constant rate during the net available work time. The value of the takt time drives the make design choices for the assembly system. The takt time is defined in equivalence (1). (1) When the takt time is known one could decide how many assemblers and stations that are needed.It is quite hard to determine the number of assemblers needed in order to complete a product but here one basic method is presented. After the number of assemblers has been decided the number and layout of processes can be decided. The borderline number of assemblers can be calculated with equation 2. (2) If for example a product takes 100 minutes to assemble and the takt time is 1 minute, the process take 100 assembler minutes every minute, consequently 100 assemblers . The form does not take into thoughtfulness other activities that the operators perform apart from assembling such as picking and handling.A production system is also dependent on support labor which will of course increase the number of assemblers needed. When one has heady that the process is in need of 100 assemblers, the next step is to decide in which way the work should be allocated between the assemblers and thereby which method of assembly that should be used. On the one hand, one operator could work with one product from start to finish for 100 minutes. On the other hand, the numerate work content could be divided into 100 operations each taking 1 minute to perform.Now that the takt time concept is clear, I will start to analysis this according to my specific system. Actually, the first step in designing an assembly system is to calculate the takt time. I will calculate the takt time following these conditions 1). The demand for daily production volume is 1300 units. 2 ). The system is operated by 3 shifts of operators. 3). The working hours per day for an operator are assumed to be eight hours. 4). Total downtime including scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, set-up times, breaks, lunch time is one hour per day.Takt time = Net avaliliable working time per dayaverage damand per day = 3*8-1*601300 = 0. 97 minute = 58 second The planned cycle time will be lower based on that there are inefficiencies regarding manpower issues and overall equipment effectiveness Planned cycle time = 58*0. 85*0. 9 = 50 second Then the minimum number of workers can be obtained, under the assumption that the total assembly time (adding the time deeded of each operation in each station, i. e. the labor time required in order to finish the assembly of a single vehicle) is 21 hours (empirical).We can assume that each operation is processed by an assembler because the final assembly is a labor driven process. No. of workers = total assembly timetakt time = 21*60*6058 = 13 04 Thus, we have 1304 workers and if two workers are assigned to each work station, then we have 652 stations. Due to impossibilities for further analysis of working time, I can not get exactly the cycle time of each operation, but the time analysis methodologies should be stressed a). stop watch study analysis For time measuring it is necessary to proceed as follows 1).Workers are preventively trained to apply working standards and are informed about stopwatch study analysis and ways to proceed. 2). By statistical criteria, the number of private eye cycle to observe is determined, considering also dispersion phenomena of analyzed process. 3). For each one of the macro-phase of operative cycle, time employed is recorded. 4). Working speed is punctually compared to the normal one, introducing eventual adjustment. 5). Time adjustments(increasing) for each working phase are applied following specific tables, to consider tiredness and physical efforts taken on during working shift.App lying the methodology is possible if the analyst is concerned about technologies of analyzed phases, in order to ensure in advance that working conditions follows manufacturing engineering plan, and proposing eventually necessary improvements. He must also observes movements considering ergonomics, defining normal and sustainable working speed. This evaluation implies also the application of specific rules related to physical efforts, tiredness, working positions and movements repetition.As a consequence, for each working phase analyzed, it is applied a time increasing coefficient, according to a standard table, elaborated on statistical and scientific considerations, by International Rules Institutions, with ergonomic, physiology, and working means experts associated. In case of uncertainty of working speed estimation, the analyst could perform observations on different subject, up to reach a calibrated evaluation. Furthermore, he can also use some available database, according to introductory consolidated experiences.For each group of operations, it is important that the experts separate active times from inactive times necessary for machine/equipment waiting or movements between different working stations. Actions to be adopted are related to inactive phases, that are not adding value phases. b). Time studying with modern techniques Same criteria of the first one, with the only difference that time observations are performed through video recording cameras, appropriately positioned and remote controlled, that allows measuring coeval more operations, relating each other. c).Analysis with pre-determined standard times MTM technique (Methods Time Measurement) consists of previously analysis that allows quantifying time necessary for each working micro-phase included in the operative cycle. Measurements are performed in function and are very circumstantial and objective. Application requires a big effort in terms of analyst technician, with high cost and l ong elaboration times. For this reasons MTM technique fits with widespread repetitive operations. d). Instantaneous Observations Analysis It fits for auxiliary operations only, including office operations.It is necessary that the analyst have good knowledge about function and roles of observed employees. He performs cyclic inspections In the interested area and with established route by statistic method, so to cover all workplaces. He must evaluate if workers are on their own workplace/if they are active/type of operation performed/type of tools used. 3. 2 system length and area calculation I will roughly calculate the length of the final assembly line. I say roughly because I will assume the place between each product is 5m, and this distance is constant for all the three major processes belonging to final assembly.Although this assumption couldnt be precise, this approach can represent the right process to calculate the system length. Firstly I will calculate the speed of the li ne Speed = distancetakt time = 5m/58s = 0. 087 m/s Then I will apply this speed to the total assembly time Length=speed*total assembly time=0. 087m/s*21*3600=6577m Finally, I should apply an modify coefficient, because large component part of the system paths are built for transferring, not value adding. 6577*150%=9865m Once the length is calculated, I can apply it to the width of the line, which is hypothesized to be 10m. 865*10=98650m2 And finally the subassembly line area should be calculated according to the same method, and added to the main line area. 3. 3 facility layout In arranging the plant layout, There are a lot of benefits 1. Minimize the production time. 2. Minimize the production cost. 3. Minimize the material handling, in terms of time, cost and equipment type. 4. Minimize the investment in the equipment. 5. Utilize existing space more effectively. 6. Maintain flexibility of arrangement and operations. There are three basic types process layout, product layout, and fixed-position layout.According to the selection criteria, I will choose the product layout. A product layout (also called a flow-shop layout) is one in which equipment or work processes are arranged according to the progressive steps by which the product is make. The main issue over the final assembly line is the assembly line balancing. As we use the conveyor systems to carry the product, the time detachment the product will stay in each workstation is superposable, thus the cycle time of each workstation is identical as well (= 58s in our system).At each workstation, work is performed on a product either by adding parts or by completing assembly operations. The work performed at each station is made up by many bits of work, termed tasks, elements, and work units. The total work to be performed at a workstation is rival to the sum of the tasks assigned to that workstation. The assembly-line balancing problem is one of assigning all tasks to a series of workstations so that eac h workstation has no more than can be done in the work- station cycle time, and so that the unassigned (that is, idle) time across all workstations is minimized.The problem is complicated by the relationships among tasks imposed by prod- uct design and process technologies. This is called the precedence relationship, which specifies the order in which tasks must be performed in the assembly process. The steps in balancing an assembly line are straightforward 1 Specify the sequential relationships among tasks using a precedence diagram. The diagram consists of circles and arrows. Circles represent individual tasks arrows indicate the order of task performance. 2 Determine the required workstation cycle time, the same as takt time Determine the theoretical minimum number of workstations required to avenge the workstation cycle time constraint using the formula, the same as the number of workers calculation. 3 Select a primary rule by which tasks are to be assigned to workstations, an d a secondary rule to break ties. 4 Assign tasks, one at a time, to the first workstation until the sum of the task times is equal to the workstation cycle time, or no other tasks are feasible because of time or sequence restrictions. repeating the process for Workstation 2, Workstation 3, and so on until all tasks are assigned. Evaluate the efficiency of the balance derived using the formula Efficiency=sum of task timesactual number of workstations*workstation cycle time 6 If efficiency is unsatisfactory, rebalance using a different decision rule. Example This table shows typical chassis assembly sequence of a car, and I will draw a precedence graph according to this table Then, we can calculate the minimum number of workstations required no. of workstations=45+50+11+15+9+12+12+12+12+8+958 = 4 So we can arrange the precedence graph accordingly And the final Efficiency=1954*58=84%It can be seen that in station 4, only 9 seconds are employed among 58 seconds available time. To reduc e this inefficiency, some independent operations can be added to this station. In this final assembly shop, we should analyze the work of all workstations, one by one, and reach a balanced assembly line finally. 4. Tool and equipment selection The final assembly area is considered a labor-driven process due to the high labor value-added work compared with other stations in the assembly plant. In this case, the right solution for labor and machine corporations is the key successful factor.Trim line For the trim line assembly, the conveyor system should be changed from the one used in the paint line. We use the floor-mounted conveyor for the trim line and specially, I want to stress that since the plant should has a high production capacity, I choose to add an additional moving belt system to facilitate the workers for the high production rate. Moreover, for operations that will move heavy parts(doors, cockpits, windshield), automation robots are selected instead of humans labor. Ro bots are faster and more precise in installing heavy and big parts than human labor.For wirings, insulating applications, fuel tanks, steering leverage and etc. , I will choose to use human labors because these operations are too complicated for robots, and some area are deep inside the body shell and intangible for robots. On the other hand human labors have the advantage of agility, allowing them to go inside the body shell. In addition, batter-driven screwdrivers(low and medium torque models) should be equipped by the assemblers, to allow them fast and accurate fastening. Here are some pictures of the above mentioned tools and equipments loor-mounted conveyor with moving belt Chassis line For the chassis line assembly, the overhead conveyor system is needed to lift the vehicle shell and thus allow the installation of the powertrain system. In order to guide the pre-assembled powertrain system, the AGV(automatic guided vehicle) is used. At the same time battery driver screwdrivers and electric torque wrenches with torque limiters are used by workers to assemble the body and the powertrain system. Also, in order to ensure accurate placement, some laser projection based sensors are needed.Then the installation of wheels and take system happens simultaneously. On the one hand line workers install exhaust system with the help of carrying robots. On the other hand multiple torque wrenches tightens the wheel. Of course tires must be handled with the help of the handling equipment in order to save time for the line workers. This process can spares much time for the powertrain assembly. The overhead conveyor system and the AGV. A multiple torque wrench is fast and precise A electric torque wrench with limiter A tire handler Final assembly lineThe vehicle is coupled with tires now, so a double slat conveyor system is selected to carry the body. In addition, a variety of arm and drop lifters are needed for the ergonomics consideration. Also, fluid fill machines is c rucial in this stage fuel tank, engine, transmissions For the testing phase, we need testing machines. For example the chassis dynamometer is necessary for the alignment test, the turning radius test and the break test. The headlight test evaluates the photometric axis of the headlamps by projecting them on a screen and then measuring any deviations.A double slat conveyor A chassis dynamometer A seat handling partner References 1. COZZARI GIULIANO, Assembly technologies,2010. 2. MARCO GOBETTO, mathematical product Management,2010. 3. Mohammed A. Omar, THE AUTOMOTIVE BODY MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES, 2011 4. FILIP HELLMAN, BJORN LINDAHL, JONAS MALMBERG, thesis of Mixed-model assembly line at Volvo Construction Equipment 5. Marshall L. Fisher and Christopher D. Ittner, THE violation OF PRODUCT VARIETY ON AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLY OPERA TIONS ANAL YSIS AND EVIDENCE 6. technical posting five FACILITY LAYOUT